1. A process that converts non-tariff barriers into tariffs, which are considered to be more transparent than non-tariff barriers and are subject to negotiation downwards. It does not apply to primary agricultural products unless they are designated as subject to special conditions.; 2. At the Uruguay Round, all non-tariff barriers to trade in agriculture were converted into tariffs in a process known as “tariffication”. The resulting tariff amounts were set as ceilings above which tariffs could not henceforth be set. Rules were then created to push all members in the direction of ultimate elimination of agricultural tariffs. Industrialized countries were expected to lower tariffs on agricultural imports by an average of 36% between 1995 and 2000, and each tariff was to be reduced by at least 15%. Developing countries were mandated to reduce agricultural tariffs by an average of 24% between 1995-2004, with each tariff being reduced by at least 10%.; 3. Procedures relating to the agricultural market-access negotiations in which all non-tariff measures are converted into tariffs.