Statistical Terms Glossary

An Internet host is a computer connected directly to the Internet; normally an Internet Service Provider's (ISP) computer is a host. Internet users may use either a hard-wired terminal, at an institution with a mainframe computer connected directly to the Internet, or may connect remotely by way of a modem via telephone line, cable, or satellite to the Internet Service Provider's host computer. The number of hosts is one indicator of the extent of Internet connectivity. Per capita figures expressed per million population.

Is the protocol used to set up a security association (SA) in the IPsec protocol suite. IKE uses a Diffie-Hellman key exchange to set up a shared session secret, from which cryptographic keys are derived. Public key techniques or, alternatively, a pre-shared key, are used to mutually authenticate the communicating parties.

An Internet point of presence is an access point to the Internet. It is a physical location that houses servers, routers, ATM switches and digital/analog call aggregators. It may be either part of the facilities of a telecommunications provider that the Internet service provider (ISP) rents or a location separate from the telecommunications provider. ISPs typically have multiple POPs, sometimes numbering in the thousands. POPs are also located at Internet exchange points and colocation centres.

<networking> (IP) The network layer for the TCP/IP protocol suite widely used on Ethernet networks, defined in STD 5, RFC 791. IP is a connectionless, best-effort packet switching protocol. It provides packet routing, fragmentation and re-assembly through the data link layer. IPv4 is the version in widespread use and IPv6 is just beginning to come into use in 2000.

Is a system through which digital television service is delivered using the architecture and networking methods of the Internet Protocol Suite over a packet-switched network infrastructure, e.g., the Internet and broadband Internet access networks, instead of being delivered through traditional radio frequency broadcast, satellite signal, and cable television (CATV) formats. IPTV services may be classified into three main groups: live television, time-shifted programming, and content (or video) on demand. It is distinguished from general Internet-based or web-based multimedia services by its on-going standardization process (e.g., ETSI) and preferential deployment scenarios in subscriber-based telecommunications networks with high-speed access channels into end-user premises via set-top boxes or other customer-premises equipment.

Is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4, the first implementation used in the Internet and still in dominant use currently[update]. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol was the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2128 (about 3.4×1038) addresses. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion.

Is a protocol for establishing Security Associations (SA) and cryptographic keys in an Internet environment. ISAKMP defines the procedures for authenticating a communicating peer, creation and management of Security Associations, key generation techniques, and threat mitigation (e.g. denial of service and replay attacks).

An organization that provides Internet access or communications links at international, national, regional, and local levels, and offer a variety of access methods (ranging from high-speed dedicated access, for organizations and large local area networks, to dialup IP and dialup access for personal computer users).

ISC was founded in 1994 as Internet Software Consortium to develop and support a number of Internet software reference implementations. In January 2004 the original ISC's projects, assets and staff were transferred to Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ISC maintains and publishes (on ftp.isc.org) the central Usenet moderators list and relays for moderated groups so individual server operators don't have to track moderator changes.

Is the sale or purchase of goods or services, whether between businesses, households, individuals, governments and other public or private organisations, conducted over the internet. The goods and services are ordered over the internet, but the payment and the ultimate delivery of the good or service may be conducted on or off-line.

A server process running at a web site which sends out web pages in response to HTTP requests from remote browsers.

Refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technology and those with very limited or no access at all. It includes the imbalances in physical access to technology as well as the imbalances in resources and skills needed to effectively participate as a digital citizen. In other words, it is the unequal access by some members of society to information and communication technology, and the unequal acquisition of related skills.

An internet-like system only operating within a single organisation.

Is a device (or application) that monitors network and/or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations and produces reports to a Management Station. Intrusion detection is the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network and analyzing them for signs of possible incidents, which are violations or imminent threats of violation of computer security policies, acceptable use policies, or standard security practices.

The network layer address defined by the Internet Protocol. This address is mapped onto the layer one address of the respective system.

Multicast addressing is a network technology for the delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple destinations split. The word "multicast" is typically used to refer to IP multicast which is often employed for streaming media and Internet television applications. In IP multicast the implementation of the multicast concept occurs at the IP routing level, where routers create optimal distribution paths for datagrams sent to a multicast destination address spanning tree in real-time. At the Data Link Layer, multicast describes one-to-many distribution such as Ethernet multicast addressing, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) point-to-multipoint virtual circuits or Infiniband multicast.

Is an architectural framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services. It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM. Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 and fixed line.

An IP phone uses Voice over IP technologies allowing telephone calls to be made over an IP network such as the internet instead of the ordinary PSTN system. Calls can traverse the Internet, or a private IP Network such as that of a company. The phones use control protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol, IP phones can be simple software-based Softphones or purpose-built hardware devices that appear much like an ordinary telephone or a cordless phone. Ordinary PSTN phones are used as IP phones with analog telephony adapters (ATA).

Internet transit consists of two bundled services: the advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs, thereby soliciting inbound traffic towards the customer from them the advertisement of others ISPs routes (usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet) to the ISP's customer, thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks.

Is a government-owned and operated corporation responsible for providing telecommunication and mail services in Iraq.

An online discussion group where users, usually with common interests, can exchange open messages. Issue-based fora, i.e. organised around policy issues that have been formulated by policy-makers, interest groups or "experts", and presented as the heading of one or more discussion "threads". Responses are sought in order to gauge opinion or solicit ideas. Position statements, links to topic-related websites and other background information may also be presented, although they are often lacking.

Deliberate radiation or reflection of electromagnetic energy for the purpose of disrupting enemy use of electronic devices or systems.

An independent governmental agency that coordinates official development assistance (ODA) for the government of Japan. It is commonly known by the acronym "JICA". It is chartered with assisting economic and social growth in developing countries, and the promotion of international cooperation.

Initiative, targets the Jordanian population at large with the objective of creating a national information network. The initiative is launched jointly by the Jordanian Ministry of Planning and the UNDP. It entails the establishment of Information Technology Community Centres, referred to as Knowledge Stations, throughout Jordan to create ICT awareness, provide access and train Jordanians on new age skills. The objectives are to bridge the digital divide among various communities and enhance capacity building for local community development while promoting economic opportunities.

Is the practice of tracking (or logging) the keys struck on a keyboard, typically in a covert manner so that the person using the keyboard is unaware that their actions are being monitored. There are numerous keylogging methods, ranging from hardware and software-based to electromagnetic and acoustic analysis.