Front-to-front or front-to-end impacts between two trains or (side) impacts between one train and part of another train within the loading gauge, or a train impacting with any of the following:
- Shunting movements;
- Fixed objects such as buffer stops;
- Objects temporarily present at or near the track (except at level-crossings), such as rocks, landslides, trees, lost parts of railway vehicles, road vehicles and machines or equipment for track maintenance.