Statistical Terms Glossary

External funding by banks for domestic lending.

The ionosphere is the layer of the upper atmosphere extending upwards from about 80 kilometres above the earth’s surface in which atoms tend to be ionized by incoming solar radiation

The network layer address defined by the Internet Protocol. This address is mapped onto the layer one address of the respective system.

Multicast addressing is a network technology for the delivery of information to a group of destinations simultaneously using the most efficient strategy to deliver the messages over each link of the network only once, creating copies only when the links to the multiple destinations split. The word "multicast" is typically used to refer to IP multicast which is often employed for streaming media and Internet television applications. In IP multicast the implementation of the multicast concept occurs at the IP routing level, where routers create optimal distribution paths for datagrams sent to a multicast destination address spanning tree in real-time. At the Data Link Layer, multicast describes one-to-many distribution such as Ethernet multicast addressing, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) point-to-multipoint virtual circuits or Infiniband multicast.

Is an architectural framework for delivering Internet Protocol (IP) multimedia services. It was originally designed by the wireless standards body 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), as a part of the vision for evolving mobile networks beyond GSM. Its original formulation (3GPP R5) represented an approach to delivering "Internet services" over GPRS. This vision was later updated by 3GPP, 3GPP2 and TISPAN by requiring support of networks other than GPRS, such as Wireless LAN, CDMA2000 and fixed line.

An IP phone uses Voice over IP technologies allowing telephone calls to be made over an IP network such as the internet instead of the ordinary PSTN system. Calls can traverse the Internet, or a private IP Network such as that of a company. The phones use control protocols such as Session Initiation Protocol, IP phones can be simple software-based Softphones or purpose-built hardware devices that appear much like an ordinary telephone or a cordless phone. Ordinary PSTN phones are used as IP phones with analog telephony adapters (ATA).

Internet transit consists of two bundled services: the advertisement of customer routes to other ISPs, thereby soliciting inbound traffic towards the customer from them the advertisement of others ISPs routes (usually but not necessarily in the form of a default route or a full set of routes to all of the destinations on the Internet) to the ISP's customer, thereby soliciting outbound traffic from the customer towards these networks.

Is a government-owned and operated corporation responsible for providing telecommunication and mail services in Iraq.

Medication containing an iron supplement given in the form of a tablet or syrup to prevent or treat iron-deficiency anaemia.

It is created from iron material and is in types such as Truss, wire  (Cabic) and Arch

Iron, pig iron and crude steel refers to various mineral aggregates from which the metal is obtained by the conversion of various iron ores by reduction either into pig iron, in blast furnaces or electric furnaces, or into a spongy form (sponge iron) or into lumps by various direct reduction processes. Iron ore is measured by the weight of the ore and may contain varying concentrations of metal.
Comprises:
- iron ores and concentrates, other than roasted iron pyrites (Central Product Classification (CPC) Group 141) ; and
- basic iron and steel (CPC Group 411)

Irradiation is the exposure to radiation of wavelengths shorter than those of light (gamma, X- ray, or ultraviolet) for medical purposes or the destruction of bacteria in milk or other food

All the flights for remuneration other than those reported under regular flights.

Defined in Article 1, Paragraph 2 in the horizontal Council regulation on the protection of the Communities’ financial interests (2988/95) as following: "Irregularity” shall mean any infringement of a provision of a Community law resulting from an act or omission by an economic operator, which has, or would have, the effect of prejudicing the general budget of the Communities or budgets managed by them, either by reducing or losing revenue accruing from own resources collected directly on behalf of the Communities, or by an unjustified item of expenditure.

Irreversibility (of environmental damage) refers to the permanent loss of environmental assets or environmental quality, requiring preventive action rather than restoration or clean—up

The irrevocable exchange rates for the countries in the Euro area are the fixed exchange rates against the euro for each of the eleven countries in the area as at 1 January 1999. These countries and the exchange rates are:
- Austria – 13.7603
- Belgium – 40.3399
- Finland – 94573
- France – 6.55957
- Germany – 1.95583
- Ireland – 0.787564
- Italy – 1936.27
- Luxembourg – 40.3399
- Netherlands – 2.20371
- Portugal – 200.482
- Spain – 166.386
The irrevocable exchange for Greece, which subsequently joined the Euro area, at 1 January 2001 is 340.75
The irrevocable exchange for Slovenia, which subsequently joined the Euro area, at 1 January 2007 is 239.640

Land that can receive irrigation water and is classified as irrigable. Irrigable: The supply of water to the land by means of channels, streams, and sprinklers in order to permit the growth of crops.

Percentage of the total grain production of the country (rainfed and irrigated) that is irrigated in a given year.

The total quantity of cereals harvested annually in the irrigated area. Several harvests per year on the same area are counted several times.

Areas artificially provided with water, other than rain, for improving pastures or crop production. Uncontrolled land flooding by overflowing of rivers or streams is not considered irrigation.

Artificial application of water to assist in the growing of crops (and pastures). Can be done by letting water flow over the land ("surface irrigation"), by spraying water under pressure over the land concerned ("sprinkler irrigation"), or by bringing it directly to the plant ("localized irrigation").; 1. The artificial watering of the land for the purpose of growing crops.; The series of processes and techniques of bringing a large volume of water to a soil to compensate for the effects of drought or insufficient water reserves.

All types of irrigation which make use of rising water from flood for inundating areas without major structural works, e.g. flood recession, spate irrigation and wild flooding.

Area of land suitable for irrigation development, taking into account areas where water is controlled with dams. It includes land already under irrigation. The exact definition may vary among countries. (see note on irrigation potential )