Corresponds to the wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and personal and household goods, Tabulation Category (G) of ISIC Rev. 3.

When prices and production are higher or lower than levels that would usually exist in a competitive market.

Is a US programme first authorised by the 1985 FSA Act under which the Commodity Credit Corporation subsidises exporters of US dairy products to help them compete with other subsidising nations.

A customs union is a free trade area that also establishes a common tariff and other trade policies with non-member countries. The Czech and Slovak Republics established a customs union to preserve previous commercial relationships between themselves and with third parties. The Arab Common Market is moving toward a customs union

Cross border shopping is the name given to the activity wherein private individuals buy goods abroad because of lower taxes and import them for their own consumption, without declaring them in full in order to avoid paying import duties.

This test is satisfied if, when country j is taken as the base country, the price or quantity index for countries j and k is the reciprocal of the index when country k is the base country. For example, Ij/k* Ik/i = 1. where I is a price or quantity index.

Is the multilateral method used by the ICP to obtain transitive PPPs at the basic heading level through regression analysis.

Requires labelling for muscle cuts and ground beef, veal, lamb, pork, goat, chicken, farm-raised and wild fish, shell fish, fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables, peanuts, pecans, macadamia nuts and ginseng that states the country of origin. This mandatory measure was implemented March 16, 2009, by USDA’s Agricultural Marketing Service. In the case of imported products, the food label indicates where it started, was grown/raised and processed. For example, a meat label for pork might read, “From hogs born in Canada, raised and slaughtered in the United States.”.

Countervailing measures are measures that can be undertaken whenever an investigation, by the investigating authority of the importing country, has led to the determination that the imported goods are benefiting from subsidies, and that they result in an injury. Countervailing measures may take the form of countervailing duties or undertakings by the exporting firms or by the authorities of the subsidising country.

A countervailing duty is an additional levy imposed on imported goods to offset subsidies provided to producers or exporters by the government of the exporting country.
Countervailing duties are permitted under Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)