Statistical Terms Glossary

Attitudes and feelings − whether positive or negative and whether conscious or non-conscious − that people have about members of other groups, which may be based on preconceived ideas and influenced by elements such as gender, race, class, personal characteristics or other factors.

Preliminary treatment refers to the removal of large solids, oils, fat and other material from sewage so as to protect waste-water treatment facilities engaged in further treatment

Loan that matures before time initially specified.

See prime borrower.

In the context of export credits, the amount paid, usually in advance, by the party to an export agency for its facilities. Cover will often not be fully effective until the premium has been paid. Premiums are normally calculated on the basis of the exposure, length of credit, and the riskiness of transacting with the importing country. Premium income, an important source of revenue for export credit agencies, is intended to cover the risk of nonpayment of the credit.

Opposite of discount. A forward exchange rate standing at a premium over today's rate means that the currency concerned is more expensive in the forward market than now.

Price at which an option sells.

The difference between the par value and the higher market value of a security expressed as a percentage of the par value.

Difference between the face value and the selling price of the share when the selling price is higher.

The value of the premium or contribution supplements paid by the policyholders or beneficiaries is equal in total to the entirety of the income earned by the insurance corporations or pension funds by investing their technical or pension reserves.

Although the income earned by the insurance corporation may not all have been earned as property income, when attributed to policyholders the whole amount is so regarded and appears as the item “property income attributed to policyholders".

A swap with an above-market rate.

Harmful practice driven by the tradition of patrilineal inheritance in many societies, coupled with a reliance on boys to provide economic support, to ensure security in old age and to perform death rites.

A system allowing subscribers to pay in advance for wireless service.

A payment made for a good or service prior to the date, or period in which, it will be received or consumed.

The operations of slaughtering, processing, preserving and packaging of agricultural products and also alterations made to the labelling concerning the presentation of the organic production method.

The partial or full repayment by the borrower, perhaps at a discount, of an outstanding debt obligation in advance of the maturity date. The prepayment may be at a discount from the current outstanding principal amount.

Fee payable for a loan redeemed before maturity. IFC uses the term fee while the Bank uses the term premium.

Pre-primary education (ISCED 0) is defined as the initial stage of organised instruction, designed primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type environment, that is, to provide a bridge between home and a school-based atmosphere. ISCED level 0 programmes should be centre or school-based, be designed to meet the educational and developmental needs of children at least three years of age, and have staff that are adequately trained (i.e., qualified) to provide an educational programme for the children.

Prerequisites of quality refer to overarching institutional conditions for the pursuit of data quality.

Are medicines exclusively sold to customers with a medical voucher, irrespective of whether it is covered by public or private funding and include branded and generic products. In the SHA, this includes the full price with a breakdown for cost-sharing.

Environmental policy measures which significantly constrain the regulated agent’s flexibility with respect to the choice of abatement strategy to adopt.

The present value is the discounted sum of all future debt service at a given rate of interest. If the rate of interest is the contractual rate of the debt, by construction, the present value equals the nominal value, whereas if the rate of interest is the market interest rate, then the present value equals the market value of the debt.