Statistical Terms Glossary

Loans made by the World Bank to developing countries to reduce their debt. These loans are only made to countries with large outstanding external debts and which have adopted structural adjustment programs approved by the Bank. Set-aside amounts will be determined individually but will be normally around 25% of the adjustment program over three years or 10% of the overall amount of the Bank's lending program to the country.

The date on which payment for a transaction must be made.

A general term used to designate the risk that settlement in a transfer system will not take place as expected. This risk may comprise both credit and liquidity risk.

Migrants for settlement are foreigners granted the permission to stay for a lengthy or unlimited period, who are subject to virtually no limitations regarding the exercise of an economic activity.

Hemoglobin level less than 7.0g\dl among pregnant women 15-49 years and children 6-59 months, and non pregnant women 15-49 years according to WHO.

Low-, middle-income country in which three of the four key ratios are above critical levels. These ratios and their critical levels are debt to GNP (50 percent), debt to exports of goods and all services (275 percent), accrued debt service to exports (30 percent) and accrued interest to exports (20 percent). Used in the World Bank's World Debt Tables. See moderately indebted low-income, middle-income country.

The use, in irrigation, of sewage or waste water from towns or institutions, the object being the innocuous disposal of the waste water and also its use as a fertilizer.

Biogas from the anaerobic fermentation of waste matter in sewage plants.

Sewage is organic waste and waste water produced by residential and commercial establishments

Sewage effluent standards are standards prescribed at sewage works that provide information on biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids and ammoniacal nitrogen with a view to obtaining the desired quality of effluents

Sex as individual biological characteristic (female or male) is recorded during data collection in censuses, surveys or administrative sources. By comparison to gender differences, which are shaped over by the history of social relations, and change over time and across cultures, biological differences in sex are fixed and unchangeable and do not vary across cultures and overtime. Sex-disaggregated data have the capacity to reveal differences in women’s and men’s lives that are the result of gender roles and expectations. For example, gender may determine differences in education or work for women and men. Statisticians reveal these gender differences by collecting and analysing data on education and work disaggregated by sex as well as other characteristics.

Refers to the underreporting or misreporting of demographic, social or economic characteristics associated with one of the sexes. Some examples of sex bias in data collected include the underreporting of women’s economic activity, the undercounting of girls, their births or their deaths and the underreporting of violence against women.

Number of males per 100 females in the population.

Number of male births per single female birth.

Trade in human beings, largely in women and children, for the purpose of sexual exploitation.

Data collected and tabulated separately for women and men allowing the measurement of differences between women and men in terms of various social and economic dimensions and are one of the requirements to obtaining gender statistics. Gender statistics are more than data disaggregated by sex, however. Disaggregating data by sex does not guarantee, for example, that concepts, definitions and methods used in data production are conceived to reflect gender roles, relations and inequalities in society.

Fanatic bias in the adoption of negative presuppositions towards women as a group, and about the social roles and personality traits that they are supposed to have. Manifestations in Arab societies include, for example, disparaging the capacity of women mental and moral abilities, which we find in common proverbs. These features of sexism tend to justify women's disadvantaged status and socio-economic position in the social ladder, and in other aspects. They justify, in particular, discriminatory laws regulating family and public life.

Any coerced sexual contact or behaviour, or an attempt to coerce such, without the victim’s consent. This category includes, but is not limited to: attempted or committed rape, any forced and non-consensual sexual act, as well as sexual behaviour that the victim finds humiliating and degrading.

This can be understood as the right for all, whether young or old, women, men or transgender, straight, gay, lesbian or bisexual, HIV positive or negative, to make choices regarding their own sexuality and reproduction, providing they respect the rights of others to bodily integrity. This definition also includes the right to access information and services needed to support these choices and optimize health.

Sexual act directed against a person forcibly and/or against that person’s will, or not forcibly when the victim is incapable of giving consent because of his/her temporary or permanent mental or physical incapability (Snyder, 2000). In the case of sexual abuse the aggressor wants the relationship while the victim is entirely rejecting it.

Any sexual act committed against a non-consenting woman, even if she does not show signs of resistance, with the exception of rape.

The act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sex acts in exchange for money or other considerations (e.g., food, clothing shelter, affection, etc.) (Estes and Weiner, 2001). “Forced Prostitution” is an expression used in the case of controlling and forcing a person to engage in a sexual activity.

Unwelcome sexually determined behaviour, both physical and non-physical, whether by words or actions. Such conduct can be humiliating and may constitute a health and safety problems. In case sexual harassment takes place in the work environment it is discriminatory when a person has reasonable grounds to believe that objection to such behaviour would create disadvantage in connection with employment, including recruitment or promotion, or when it creates a hostile working environment.

Verbal or physical act with a sexual nature, performed in recruitment or in the workplace by a boss, manager, employee, client or customer of a working unit, that is unwelcomed by the person receiving it and has caused the person to feel violated, insulted, and being in an unbearable hostile environment.