Statistical Terms Glossary

The written-down (net) value of a fixed asset is the actual or estimated current purchaser’s price of a new asset of the same type less the cumulative value of the consumption of fixed capital accrued up to that point in time.

See World Trade Organisation.

See Efficiency, X-inefficiency

In The Wealth of Nations published in 1776, Adam Smith observed that "Monopoly... is a great enemy to good management." This insight explicitly recognized that the problem of monopoly is not only one of price but also one of costs. While monopoly may provide the basis for extracting higher prices from customers, the lack of competitive stimulus may raise the costs of producing the goods and services it sells. The lack of incentives or competitive pressures may lead monopolistic firms to neglect minimizing unit costs of production, i.e., to tolerate "X-inefficiency" (phrase coined by H. Leibenstein). Included in X- inefficiency are wasteful expenditures such as maintenance of excess capacity, luxurious executive benefits, political lobbying seeking protection and favourable regulations, and litigation.

Concerns that computer systems would be disrupted by treating 1 January 2000 as 1 January 1900 as old programs only stored the last two digits of years.

Bond issued on the U.S. market i U.S. dollars outside U.S.

Year of original construction of the hull.

Year of original construction of the hull.

The year in which a vessel last underwent a major modification or refit affecting its structure.

For persons currently attending, attended and left, or successfully graduated, reference shall be made to the successfully completed formal educational years (completed years.) It neither includes drop out years, failure years nor on – going educational year. Educational training courses are not included among the years of regular study.

Estimated average number of pupil-years spent by students from a given cohort who graduate from a given cycle or level of education, taking into account the pupil-years wasted due to dropout and repetition.
N.B. One school year spent in a grade by a pupil is equal to one pupil-year.

Is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes.

Maize grains which are yellow and dark red in colour, provided the dark red colour covers less than 50% of the surface of the grain, are also considered to be yellow maize.

Bond expressed in U.S. dollars or Swiss francs, whose face value is also indicated in yen (parity fixed at issuance). Issuance and redemption are in yen, which are converted into the original currency at the parity of the payment date.

The yield is the net present rate of return on an investment. For a bond the current yield is the coupon rate of interest divided by the purchase price. A yield is inversely related to the price of a bond, such that as the price of the bond goes up, its yield declines

Amount of production per unit area or given time. a measure of agricultural production. (terminology for integrated resource planning and management, 1999 - x2079e); Catch in weight. catch and yield are often used interchangeably.

The yield curve is a curve that traces yields on securities with varying maturities. The slope of the yield curve is an indication of the stance of monetary policy. Under normal conditions, interest rates for long term rates are likely to be higher than short-term rates, resulting in an upward sloping yield curve. An inverted yield curve occurs when short-term interest rates rise above long-term rates, usually due to the central bank raising short-term interest rates to prevent the economy from overheating

Graph relating rates of return to maturity.

Taking a position based on a view of expected changes in the shape of the yield curve independent from the general interest rate view as it is expressed by the average duration at which the portfolio is positioned.

A currency hedged strategy where, because of the difference in shape of the yield curves of two currencies, the difference in interest rates between these two currencies is not reflected in forward foreign exchange rates, giving arbitrage opportunities under which bonds of equivalent duration in these currencies can be swapped and the currency exposure hedged.

The return a security earns assuming that it is held until a certain date and put to the borrower at the specified put price.

Analysis of how growth, natural mortality, and fishing interact to determine the best size of animals at which to start fishing them, and the most appropriate level of fishing mortality. The standard yield-per-recruit models do not consider the possibility of changes in recruitment (and reproductive capacity) due to change in stock size. They also do not deal with environmental impacts but can be modified to take these factors into account.

Cells and structures that are concerned with or associated to the egg yolk and its production and development.

French electronically connecting units MT2S, which enables participants, to pass his call to from a switch to another (local, national, international.