The practice of employing specialized private companies to check shipment details of goods ordered overseas — i.e. price, quantity, quality, etc.

Unauthorized copying of materials protected by intellectual property rights (such as copyright, trademarks, patents, geographical indications, etc) for commercial purposes and unauthorized commercial dealing in copied materials.

Provision in Article 13 of the Agriculture Agreement says agricultural subsidies committed under the agreement cannot be challenged under other WTO agreements, in particular the Subsidies Agreement and GATT. Expires at the end of 2003.

Treaty, administered by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), for the protection of industrial intellectual property, i.e. patents, utility models, industrial designs, etc.

When a product made legally (i.e. not pirated) abroad is imported without the permission of the intellectual property right-holder (e.g. the trademark or patent owner). Some countries allow this, others do not.

The Pacific beef market refers to beef trade between countries in the Pacific Rim where foot and mouth disease is not endemic.

An over-quota tariff is the tariff applied on imports in excess of the tariff-rate quota volume. The over-quota tariff is greater than the in-quota tariff.
Under the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture, most countries have agreed to progressive reductions in the over-quota tariff rates. Some countries have also agreed to lower the in-quota tariff rates, raise the tariff-rate quota level, or both

See Foreign Affiliates Trade in Services (FATS)

The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) requires contracting parties to take all possible steps to prevent and eliminate pollution of the marine environment. Also, contracting parties are required to take the necessary measures to protect the maritime area against the adverse effects of human activities so as to safeguard human health and to conserve marine ecosystems and, when practicable, restore those areas that have been damaged.

Bilateral arrangement whereby an exporting country (government or industry) agrees to reduce or restrict exports without the importing country having to make use of quotas, tariffs or other import controls.