Statistical Terms Glossary

The Income elasticity of demand is the quantity demanded of a particular product depends not only on its own price (see elasticity of demand) and on the price of other related products (see cross price elasticity of demand), but also on other factors such as income. The purchases of certain commodities may be particularly sensitive to changes in nominal and real income.

Income generating projects allow autonomy and self-sufficiency. They help families secure much needed income with which to buy necessary food and medicines

Income in kind received by employees is measured by the value of the goods and services provided by employers to their employees in remuneration for work done

Occurs when a change in spending causes a disproportionate change in aggregate demand. It is particularly associated with Keynesian economics; some other schools of economic thought reject or downplay the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in the long run.

Income on debt (interest accrued) consists of interest payable on intercompany debt to/from direct investors from/to associated enterprises abroad. It covers interest on the borrowing and lending of funds (including debt securities and suppliers’ credits) between direct investors and direct investment enterprises

Income on equity comprises: (i) dividends and distributed branch profits; and (ii) reinvested earnings and undistributed branch profits

See Replacement rate

An activity carried out in order to generate revenues used to ensure the financial sustainability of the organization

Refers to the annual compensation per physician, general practitioner and dentist (including self-employed professionals).

In sample surveys, the failure to obtain information from a designated individual for any reason (death, absence or refusal to reply) is often called a non-response and the proportion of such individuals of the sample aimed at is called the non-response rate.

Is a survey conducted on the full set of observation objects belonging to a given population or universe.

A survey (or census) should be called incomplete if a substantial number of the units in the population under study ate arbitrarily excluded.

Is a general term describing situations in which market outcomes are not Pareto efficient. Market failures provide a rationale for government intervention.

A form of nonobservation present in most surveys. Nonresponse means failure to obtain a measurement on one or more study variables for one or more elements k selected for the survey.

See Corporation

The policy of the government, society, or group to increase population growth by trying to increase the number of births.

See Economies of scale

Concerns an existing product whose performance has been significantly enhanced or upgraded. This again can take two forms. A simple product may be improved (in terms of improved performance or lower cost) through use of higher performance components or materials, or a complex product which consists of a number of integrated technical subsystems may be improved by partial changes to one of the subsystems.