Statistical Terms Glossary

A person who is directly affected by violence (The Prevention of Domestic Violence Act, 1997). However, the term "direct victim" refers to the direct recipients of violence, and the "indirect victim" refers to the person affected by violence such as being affected by scenes of violence on TV or such as children affected by viewing violence occurring between their parents. Other terms that are sometimes used instead of the survivor: victim, recipient of violence, to indicate the different stages that can be experienced by a person who is subject to violence. However, the current practice in scholarly literature and the recommendations of the principles for dealing with individuals subject to violence, is the use of the word "survivor" when referring to the recipient of violence, regardless of the reaction of the recipient, since the word victim suggests weakness, compassion and surrendering while the word "survivor" suggests resilience and strength. Thus, the term "survivor" has positive connotations which helps the recipient on one hand to increase his/her self-confidence and reminds the care provider not to deal with the recipient as subordinate.

‘Victim-blaming’ exists to a certain degree with all forms of violence. In order not to question the safety of the world around us when we hear of a violent incident, we may examine the behaviour of the victim and assure ourselves that if we avoid such risks and behaviour (e.g. being out late alone, venturing into certain areas, leaving our door unlocked, dressing in a ‘provocative’ way) we will avoid violence. This natural act of psychological self-defence, however, focuses our attention on the perceived responsibility of the victim, and may neglect to fully question the conduct of the perpetrator. By shifting the blame to the victim in gender-based violence, the focus is on the victim, often a woman, and her behaviour, rather than on the structural causes and inequalities underlying the violence perpetrated against her.

Any adverse treatment (including dismissal in cases of unequal treatment at work) in reaction to a complaint.

A videoconference or video conference (also known as a video teleconference) is a set of interactive telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware. It differs from a videophone call in that it is designed to serve a conference rather than individuals.

Streaming is a technique for transferring data such that it can be processed as a steady and continuous stream. Video streaming technology is developed based on 2 key technologies, the video coding technology and scalable video distribution technology.

See Tele-conferencing.

<communications> (VoD) A planned system using video compression to supply programs to viewers when requested, via ISDN or cable.

The representation of a related set of concerns. A view is what is seen from a viewpoint. An architecture view may be represented by a model to demonstrate to stakeholders their areas of interest in the architecture. A view does not have to be visual or graphical in nature.

A viewpoint defines the perspective from which a view is taken. It is a specification of the conventions for constructing and using a view. A view is what you see; a viewpoint is where you are looking from – the vantage point or perspective that determines what you see.

A separately established building that is usually constructed from clean stone. It is constructed for the living of one household and consists of a 2 - suite – single or double or multiple storey connected through internal stairs. One of the suites is constructed as bedrooms whereas the second suite is constructed for reception and involves the kitchen and other related services. In general, the villa is surrounded by a garden, regardless of the area of this garden, which is surrounded by boarding wall or fence. Villas normally have roofed parking area (garage). Villas also may include separate small building or extension as part of them.

The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm or maldevelopment or deprivation. The terms “abuse” and “violence” are often used as synonyms, yet it was agreed in discussion sessions to use the word abuse to refer to the broader concept of maltreatment (violence, neglect, exploitation, assault…).

Defined as any act of “gender-based violence that results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of acts such as coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life.” Violence against women includes domestic violence, child marriage, forced pregnancy, “honour” crimes, female genital mutilation, femicide, sexual and other violence perpetrated by someone other than an intimate partner (also referred to as non-partner violence), sexual harassment (in the workplace, other institutions and in public spaces), trafficking in women and violence in conflict situations.

Violence experienced by women and girls during armed conflict, ranging from physical, sexual to psychological violence perpetrated by both state and non-state actors including murder, unlawful killings, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, abductions, maiming and mutilation, forced recruitment of women combatants, rape, sexual slavery, sexual exploitation, involuntary disappearance, arbitrary detention, forced marriage, forced prostitution, forced abortion, forced pregnancy and forced sterilisation.

Any action, incident or behaviour that departs from reasonable conduct in which a person is assaulted, threatened, harmed, injured in the course of, or as a direct result of, his or her work:
• Internal workplace violence is that which takes place between workers, including managers and supervisors.
• External workplace violence is that which takes place between workers (and managers and supervisors) and any other person present at the workplace.

The way that violence is distributed over time in terms of frequency, severity, or type of violent episode.

Biomass of the stock not yet exploited; A biological reference point.

Virtual education refers to instruction in a learning environment where teacher and student are separated by time or space, or both, and the teacher provides course content through course management applications, multimedia resources, the Internet, videoconferencing, etc. Students receive the content and communicate with the teacher via the same technologies.[1]

A partnership among several enterprises sharing complementary expertise created expressly to produce a product with a short perspective life span with the production of the product being controlled through a computerized network. The corporation is disbanded with the conclusion of the product’s life span.

The VERCON pilot was aimed at addressing in particular the needs of small-scale Egyptian farmers through the exchange of information between agricultural research and extension, and indirectly the farmers themselves. Now, government researchers and extension workers based in rural villages can communicate with colleagues and experts in the other pilot locations and the capital in seconds rather than in days.

Is a group of hosts with a common set of requirements that communicate as if they were attached to the same broadcast domain, regardless of their physical location. A VLAN has the same attributes as a physical LAN, but it allows for end stations to be grouped together even if they are not located on the same network switch. Network reconfiguration can be done through software instead of physically relocating devices.

Is a provider of management services and a reseller of network services from other telecommunications suppliers that does not own the telecommunication infrastructure. These network providers are categorized as virtual because they provide network services to customers without owning the underlying network. A VNO typically leases bandwidth at the wholesale rates from various telecom providers in order to provide solutions to their customers. The VNO concept is relatively new in the North American market when compared to the European and Asian markets.

A method used by biologists to assess the physical data on stocks of fish. It employs data on catches from different cohorts of the same stock, together with data on catch per unit effort.